{"id":2302,"date":"2026-03-31T14:26:48","date_gmt":"2026-03-31T18:26:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/openintegrative.com\/blog\/?p=2302"},"modified":"2026-06-17T13:57:21","modified_gmt":"2026-06-17T17:57:21","slug":"human-body-systems-functions-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/openintegrative.com\/blog\/human-body-systems-functions-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"Human Body Systems &amp; Their Functions"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 id=\"h-key-takeaways\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Key Takeaways<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The body uses linked systems to keep cells alive and stable.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nerves and hormones help organs act at the right time.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Blood moves oxygen, fuel, heat, and waste through the body.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The gut, kidneys, lungs, and skin help keep balance steady.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bones, muscles, skin, and immune cells protect daily life.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-body-balance\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Body Balance<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-homeostasis\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Homeostasis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The human body is built to keep its inner state steady while the outside world keeps changing. This steady state is called <a href=\"https:\/\/openintegrative.com\/blog\/homeostasis-the-key-to-optimal-health-and-functioning\/\" type=\"post\" id=\"489\">homeostasis<\/a>, which means balance inside the body. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Body heat, blood pressure, water level, salt level, and blood sugar all need to stay in a safe range for cells to work well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">No one organ can do this alone. The brain reads signals from nerves and blood. The heart and blood vessels shift flow where it is needed most. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The lungs bring in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. The kidneys fine tune water, salts, and acid balance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The skin helps with heat loss and keeps the body sealed from the outside world (<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/31996619\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Benarroch, 2020<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19948674\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Koeppen, 2009<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/23248884\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">McLafferty et al., 2012<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-levels-of-organization\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Levels Of Organization<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The body is arranged in layers. Cells are the smallest living units. Groups of like cells form tissues. Tissues build organs. Organs work in organ systems. Those systems then work as one whole person.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This order helps explain why body problems rarely stay in one place. A change in one tissue can spread to an organ, then to a full system. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A low blood flow state, for example, can affect the brain, kidneys, gut, and muscles at the same time. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Physiology is the study of how these parts work, while anatomy is the study of what those parts look like.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-control-amp-transport\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Control &amp; Transport<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-nervous-system\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nervous System<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The nervous system sends fast signals. It uses the brain, spinal cord, and nerves to sense the world, guide motion, and control many body tasks without conscious thought.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One key part is the autonomic nervous system. This is the branch that runs heart rate, blood vessel tone, gut movement, sweating, and pupil size. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It has two main arms. The sympathetic arm helps the body meet stress and effort. The parasympathetic arm helps rest, digestion, and repair (<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/31996619\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Benarroch, 2020<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/37170957\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Murtazina and Adameyko, 2023<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-endocrine-system\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Endocrine System<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The endocrine system sends slower signals through hormones. Hormones are chemical messengers made by glands and released into blood. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">They help direct growth, sleep rhythms, salt and water control, stress response, body heat, and sex function.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This system works closely with the nervous system. The brain can start hormone release, and hormones can then change how organs act for minutes, hours, or even days. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">That makes the endocrine system useful for longer jobs, while nerves handle second to second change (<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/15706790\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Hiller-Sturmh\u00f6fel and Bartke, 1998<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/30017799\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">van den Beld et al., 2018<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-cardiovascular-amp-respiratory-systems\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cardiovascular &amp; Respiratory Systems<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The heart and blood vessels move blood through the body. Blood carries oxygen from the lungs, fuel from the gut, hormones from glands, heat from deep tissues, and waste toward organs that remove it. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The heart acts as a pump, while blood vessels direct flow and help control pressure (<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/9561274\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Gavaghan, 1998<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/4587247\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Rowell, 1974<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The lungs work with that system every moment. Air moves into tiny air sacs, where oxygen enters blood and carbon dioxide leaves it. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Breathing rate and depth change with sleep, speech, exercise, fever, fear, and disease.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Good gas exchange depends on both healthy lungs and steady blood flow through them (<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/37816343\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Kaminsky et al., 2023<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/22227198\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Gonz\u00e1lez-Alonso, 2012<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-fuel-and-waste\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Fuel And Waste<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-digestive-system\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Digestive System<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The digestive system takes food and drink, breaks them down, absorbs useful parts, and moves the rest out as waste. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The mouth, stomach, small bowel, large bowel, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas all help with this work. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Digestion is not just about breaking food apart. It also depends on timing, enzymes, fluids, nerves, and blood supply.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The gut also has close ties to the brain and immune system. Gut nerves help control movement and secretion. Immune cells line the gut wall and watch what comes through. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When this system works well, the body can draw in fuel, water, minerals, and amino acids while keeping harmful germs and toxins from crossing too easily (<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/28176047\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Greenwood-Van Meerveld et al., 2017<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38924125\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Santucci and Velez, 2024<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-urinary-system\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Urinary System<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The kidneys clean blood and help keep body fluid safe. They remove waste products, balance water, guide salt levels, help control blood pressure, and keep acid and base in range. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The body makes acid during normal living, and the kidneys help remove that acid while saving useful bicarbonate, which helps stop blood from becoming too acidic (<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19948674\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Koeppen, 2009<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The kidneys also protect themselves by adjusting blood flow across a wide range of pressure. This process is called autoregulation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It helps keep filtration stable, which is vital because too little filtration can let waste build up, while too much pressure can harm delicate kidney tissue (<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/16603656\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Loutzenhiser et al., 2006<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-support-and-defense\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Support And Defense<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"311\" data-src=\"https:\/\/openintegrative.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/human-body-organ.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2347 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/openintegrative.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/human-body-organ.webp 600w, https:\/\/openintegrative.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/human-body-organ-300x156.webp 300w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 600px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 600\/311;\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-musculoskeletal-system\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Musculoskeletal System<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The musculoskeletal system gives the body shape, support, and movement. Bones form a strong frame, store minerals, and protect organs like the brain, heart, and lungs. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Muscles pull on bones to create motion, hold posture, and make heat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Skeletal muscle is made of long fibers that shorten when told to do so by nerves. That pulling action lets a person walk, lift, speak, chew, breathe, and keep balance. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Muscle also helps manage blood sugar and energy use, while bone keeps changing through life in response to load, age, and hormones (<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/25294644\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Frontera and Ochala, 2015<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29224697\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Boros and Freemont, 2017<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-skin-amp-immune-system\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Skin &amp; Immune System<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The skin is the body\u2019s outer shield. It blocks water loss, helps control heat, senses touch, and gives a first layer of defense against injury and germs. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hair, nails, sweat glands, and oil glands all support that work. Skin also helps the body react to heat by changing blood flow and sweat output (<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/23248884\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">McLafferty et al., 2012<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The immune system works across the whole body rather than in one spot. It uses white blood cells, antibodies, chemical signals, lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and barrier tissues to detect and remove threats. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Part of this defense acts fast and broadly. Another part learns from past exposure and responds with more precision the next time (<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/11403834\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Parkin and Cohen, 2001<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/20176265\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Chaplin, 2010<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-reproductive-system\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Reproductive System<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The reproductive system supports sex hormone production, sexual function, and the ability to have children. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In females, the ovaries, uterus, and related hormones guide ovulation, the monthly cycle, and pregnancy support. In males, the testes and related ducts support sperm production and sex hormone release.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This system is tied closely to the brain and endocrine system. Hormone signals rise and fall in rhythms, and those rhythms can change with age, sleep, stress, body fat, and illness (<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/23240945\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Bates and Bowling, 2013<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/15706790\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Hiller-Sturmh\u00f6fel and Bartke, 1998<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Before changing your diet, supplements, or health routine, talk with a licensed healthcare professional. For any health concerns or questions about a medical condition, get guidance from a physician or another appropriately trained clinician.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n<style id=\"oi-smart-suggested-posts-css\">\n            .oi-sp,\n            .oi-sp *,\n            .oi-sp *::before,\n            .oi-sp *::after {\n                box-sizing: border-box !important;\n            }\n\n            .oi-sp {\n                display: block !important;\n                width: 100% !important;\n                max-width: 100% !important;\n                margin: 2rem 0 !important;\n                padding: 0 !important;\n                clear: both !important;\n                font-family: inherit !important;\n                color: #111 !important;\n            }\n\n            .oi-sp-heading {\n                display: block !important;\n                width: 100% 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      font-size: 0.82rem !important;\n                line-height: 1.25 !important;\n                font-weight: 800 !important;\n            }\n\n            @media (max-width: 900px) {\n                .oi-sp-smart .oi-sp-grid,\n                .oi-sp-similar .oi-sp-grid,\n                .oi-sp-related .oi-sp-grid,\n                .oi-sp-cornerstone .oi-sp-grid,\n                .oi-sp-pillar .oi-sp-grid,\n                .oi-sp-hub .oi-sp-grid,\n                .oi-sp-recent .oi-sp-grid,\n                .oi-sp-trending .oi-sp-grid {\n                    grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)) !important;\n                }\n\n                .oi-sp-top .oi-sp-grid {\n                    display: flex !important;\n                    flex-direction: column !important;\n                }\n            }\n\n            @media (max-width: 640px) {\n                .oi-sp-smart .oi-sp-grid,\n                .oi-sp-similar .oi-sp-grid,\n                .oi-sp-related .oi-sp-grid,\n                .oi-sp-cornerstone .oi-sp-grid,\n                .oi-sp-pillar .oi-sp-grid,\n                .oi-sp-hub .oi-sp-grid,\n                .oi-sp-recent .oi-sp-grid,\n                .oi-sp-trending .oi-sp-grid {\n                    grid-template-columns: 1fr !important;\n                }\n\n                .oi-sp-top .oi-sp-grid {\n                    display: flex !important;\n                    flex-direction: column !important;\n                }\n\n                .oi-sp-heading {\n                    font-size: 1.2rem !important;\n                }\n            }\n        <\/style><section class=\"oi-sp oi-sp-smart\" data-oi-sp-mode=\"smart\" aria-label=\"Suggested Posts\"><h2 class=\"oi-sp-heading\">Suggested Posts<\/h2><div class=\"oi-sp-grid\"><a class=\"oi-sp-card oi-sp-card-smart\" href=\"https:\/\/openintegrative.com\/blog\/human-bioelectricity-body-explained\/\"><div class=\"oi-sp-thumb\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"600\" data-src=\"https:\/\/openintegrative.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/bioelectricity.webp\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image lazyload\" alt=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/openintegrative.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/bioelectricity.webp 600w, https:\/\/openintegrative.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/bioelectricity-300x300.webp 300w, https:\/\/openintegrative.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/bioelectricity-150x150.webp 150w\" data-sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 600px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 600\/600;\" \/><\/div><div class=\"oi-sp-body\"><div class=\"oi-sp-title\">Humans Are Electrical Energy The Bioelectric Body Explained<\/div><div class=\"oi-sp-excerpt\">Key Takeaways Bioelectricity comes from mineral ions moving across membranes, creating voltages inside living tissues. Nerves and muscles...<\/div><div class=\"oi-sp-read\">Read More<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"oi-sp-card oi-sp-card-smart\" href=\"https:\/\/openintegrative.com\/blog\/methylation-human-health\/\"><div class=\"oi-sp-thumb\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"600\" data-src=\"https:\/\/openintegrative.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/methylation.webp\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image lazyload\" alt=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/openintegrative.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/methylation.webp 600w, https:\/\/openintegrative.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/methylation-300x300.webp 300w, https:\/\/openintegrative.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/methylation-150x150.webp 150w\" data-sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 600px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 600\/600;\" \/><\/div><div class=\"oi-sp-body\"><div class=\"oi-sp-title\">Methylation &#038; Human Health What You Need To Know<\/div><div class=\"oi-sp-excerpt\">Key Takeaways Methylation helps your body make DNA, repair cells and control gene activity. One carbon nutrients come...<\/div><div class=\"oi-sp-read\">Read More<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"oi-sp-card oi-sp-card-smart\" href=\"https:\/\/openintegrative.com\/blog\/homeostasis-the-key-to-optimal-health\/\"><div class=\"oi-sp-thumb\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"600\" data-src=\"https:\/\/openintegrative.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/homeostasis-45.webp\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image lazyload\" alt=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/openintegrative.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/homeostasis-45.webp 600w, https:\/\/openintegrative.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/homeostasis-45-300x300.webp 300w, https:\/\/openintegrative.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/homeostasis-45-150x150.webp 150w, https:\/\/openintegrative.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/homeostasis-45-100x100.webp 100w\" data-sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 600px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 600\/600;\" \/><\/div><div class=\"oi-sp-body\"><div class=\"oi-sp-title\">Homeostasis: The Key to Optimal Health &#038; Functioning<\/div><div class=\"oi-sp-excerpt\">Key Takeaways Homeostasis means your body keeps itself steady while your day keeps changing. Food, sleep, sunlight, stress...<\/div><div class=\"oi-sp-read\">Read More<\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/section>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-research\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Research<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Benarroch, E.E. 2020, \u2018Physiology and Pathophysiology of the Autonomic Nervous System\u2019, <em>Continuum (Minneap Minn)<\/em>, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 12-24. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/31996619\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/31996619\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Koeppen, B.M. 2009, \u2018The kidney and acid-base regulation\u2019, <em>Advances in Physiology Education<\/em>, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 275-281. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19948674\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19948674\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">McLafferty, E., Hendry, C. and Farley, A. 2012, \u2018The integumentary system: anatomy, physiology and function of skin\u2019, <em>Nursing Standard<\/em>, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 35-42. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/23248884\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/23248884\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Murtazina, A. and Adameyko, I. 2023, \u2018The peripheral nervous system\u2019, <em>Development<\/em>, vol. 150, no. 10. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/37170957\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/37170957\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hiller-Sturmh\u00f6fel, S. and Bartke, A. 1998, \u2018The endocrine system: an overview\u2019, <em>Alcohol Health and Research World<\/em>, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 153-164. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/15706790\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/15706790\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">van den Beld, A.W., Kaufman, J.M., Zillikens, M.C., Lamberts, S.W.J., Egan, J.M. and van der Lely, A.J. 2018, \u2018The physiology of endocrine systems with ageing\u2019, <em>The Lancet Diabetes &amp; Endocrinology<\/em>, vol. 6, no. 8, pp. 647-658. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/30017799\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/30017799\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gavaghan, M. 1998, \u2018Cardiac anatomy and physiology: a review\u2019, <em>AORN Journal<\/em>, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 802-822. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/9561274\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/9561274\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rowell, L.B. 1974, \u2018Human cardiovascular adjustments to exercise and thermal stress\u2019, <em>Physiological Reviews<\/em>, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 75-159. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/4587247\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/4587247\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kaminsky, D.A., Simpson, S.Q. and Basner, R.C. 2023, \u2018Review of Pulmonary Physiology\u2019, <em>Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine<\/em>, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 509-510. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/37816343\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/37816343\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gonz\u00e1lez-Alonso, J. 2012, \u2018Human thermoregulation and the cardiovascular system\u2019, <em>Experimental Physiology<\/em>, vol. 97, no. 3, pp. 340-346. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/22227198\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/22227198\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Greenwood-Van Meerveld, B., Johnson, A.C. and Grundy, D. 2017, \u2018Gastrointestinal Physiology and Function\u2019, <em>Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology<\/em>, vol. 239, pp. 1-16. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/28176047\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/28176047\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Santucci, N.R. and Velez, A. 2024, \u2018Physiology of lower gastrointestinal tract\u2019, <em>Alimentary Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics<\/em>, vol. 60, suppl. 1, pp. S1-S19. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38924125\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38924125\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Loutzenhiser, R., Bidani, A. and Chilton, L. 2006, \u2018Renal autoregulation: new perspectives regarding the protective and regulatory roles of the underlying mechanisms\u2019, <em>American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology<\/em>, vol. 290, no. 5, pp. R1153-R1167. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/16603656\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/16603656\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Frontera, W.R. and Ochala, J. 2015, \u2018Skeletal muscle: a brief review of structure and function\u2019, <em>Calcified Tissue International<\/em>, vol. 96, no. 3, pp. 183-195. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/25294644\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/25294644\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Boros, K. and Freemont, T. 2017, \u2018Physiology of ageing of the musculoskeletal system\u2019, <em>Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Rheumatology<\/em>, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 203-217. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29224697\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29224697\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Parkin, J. and Cohen, B. 2001, \u2018An overview of the immune system\u2019, <em>The Lancet<\/em>, vol. 357, no. 9270, pp. 1777-1789. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/11403834\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/11403834\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Chaplin, D.D. 2010, \u2018Overview of the immune response\u2019, <em>Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology<\/em>, vol. 125, no. 2 Suppl 2, pp. S3-S23. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/20176265\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/20176265\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bates, G.W. and Bowling, M. 2013, \u2018Physiology of the female reproductive axis\u2019, <em>Periodontology 2000<\/em>, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 89-102. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/23240945\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/23240945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">McComb, S., Thiriot, A., Akache, B., Krishnan, L. and Stark, F. 2019, \u2018Introduction to the Immune System\u2019, <em>Methods in Molecular Biology<\/em>, vol. 2024, pp. 1-24. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/31364040\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/31364040\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Frontera, W.R. 2017, \u2018Physiologic Changes of the Musculoskeletal System with Aging: A Brief Review\u2019, <em>Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America<\/em>, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 705-711. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29031337\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29031337\/<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Key Takeaways Body Balance Homeostasis The human body is built to keep its inner state steady while the outside world keeps changing. This steady state is called homeostasis, which means balance inside the body. Body heat, blood pressure, water level, salt level, and blood sugar all need to stay in a safe range for cells &#8230; <a title=\"Human Body Systems &amp; Their Functions\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/openintegrative.com\/blog\/human-body-systems-functions-guide\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Human Body Systems &amp; Their Functions\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2346,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","_wpscppro_dont_share_socialmedia":false,"_wpscppro_custom_social_share_image":0,"_facebook_share_type":"default","_twitter_share_type":"default","_linkedin_share_type":"default","_pinterest_share_type":"default","_linkedin_share_type_page":"default","_instagram_share_type":"default","_medium_share_type":"default","_threads_share_type":"default","_google_business_share_type":"default","_selected_social_profile":[],"_wpsp_enable_custom_social_template":false,"_wpsp_social_scheduling":{"enabled":true,"datetime":"2026-03-31 18:26:48","platforms":[],"status":"pending_publication","dateOption":"today","timeOption":"now","customDays":"","customHours":"","customDate":"","customTime":"","schedulingType":"absolute"},"_wpsp_active_default_template":true},"categories":[460,385],"tags":[387,263,386],"class_list":["post-2302","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-core-physiology","category-human-biology","tag-body-systems","tag-evolutionary-biology","tag-human-physiology","no-featured-image-padding"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.9 (Yoast SEO v27.9) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Human Body Systems &amp; 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