). Morning light is the best place to start. Go outside soon after waking and let natural light reach your eyes. Do not stare at the sun. Just be outside in real daylight. A short walk gives your brain a clearer day signal than sitting under lamps. Better morning light can also support better sleep at night. Your body needs a clear day signal before it can build a clear night signal. Weak daytime light and bright screens at night can blur that rhythm. A steady light rhythm helps your body feel awake in the day and sleepy at night ([2](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30311830/)). ### Mood & Energy Sunlight affects mood because light reaches brain areas tied to alertness and emotion. Many people feel flatter when they spend long days indoors. Darker seasons can also lower mood for some people. Human trials show that bright light can help seasonal depression in some groups ([3](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33533342/)). Sunlight also supports energy through sleep. Poor sleep can raise cravings, stress and pain sensitivity. A strong morning light signal helps your body settle into a cleaner daily rhythm. Better sleep then supports repair, focus and emotional control. You do not need a complicated plan. Get outside early. Keep evenings darker. Reduce bright screens late at night. Your body reads these signals every day. ## **Cholesterol & Vitamin D** ### Cholesterol Pathway Cholesterol is essential for producing vitamin D, as sunlight converts a cholesterol derivative in the skin into vitamin D3. The key compound is called 7 dehydrocholesterol. When ultraviolet B light reaches the skin, it changes this compound into previtamin D3, which then becomes vitamin D3 ([4](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK278935/), [5](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18290718/)). Cholesterol is normal human biology. Your body uses it for cell membranes, bile acids, steroid hormones and vitamin D chemistry. The vitamin D pathway makes no sense without cholesterol chemistry. A healthy body does not treat cholesterol as a poison. Sunlight gives more than a lab value. Vitamin D made in skin enters a larger system that includes the liver, kidneys, immune cells and many tissues. Blood tests can show part of the picture. They cannot replace the full effect of light on skin, eyes and daily rhythm. ### Skin Production Vitamin D production depends on skin tone, latitude, season, time of day, cloud cover, clothing and skin exposure. Glass blocks much of the ultraviolet B light needed for vitamin D production. Sitting behind a window can feel bright, but it does not give the same skin signal as outdoor sun ([4](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK278935/)). Older skin can also make less vitamin D than younger skin. Skin levels of 7 dehydrocholesterol can change with age. That means the same sunlight exposure may create different vitamin D responses in different people ([6](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2825113/)). The goal is steady light exposure without burning. Short regular exposure is easier for the skin to handle than rare long exposure. Your skin tone, past burns and local sun strength should guide how slowly you build exposure. ## **Retinol & Skin Repair** ### Retinol Stores Retinol is the active animal form of vitamin A. Your body uses retinol for skin, eyes, immune defense and normal cell function. Human skin research shows that ultraviolet light can lower vitamin A activity in skin, and retinoic acid can prevent some of that functional loss in experimental settings ([7](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10202931/)). Retinol is found in traditional animal foods. Liver, egg yolks, butter, cream and cod liver oil give preformed vitamin A. Plant carotenoids must be converted into retinol, and that conversion varies from person to person. Many people do not convert plant carotenoids very well. Sun exposure raises the need for skin repair. Retinol helps the skin keep normal structure and supports repair signaling. A low fat diet can lower intake of retinol rich foods because retinol comes packaged with animal fat in real food. ### Healthy Fat Vitamin A and vitamin D are fat soluble nutrients. Your body absorbs them with fat and bile during digestion. Very low fat eating can make poor sense when your body needs fat to use these nutrients well ([8](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534869/)). Healthy animal fats support this system. Butter, ghee, tallow, egg yolks, fatty meat, liver and wild seafood bring fat, protein and fat soluble nutrients together. These foods give the body raw materials for skin, hormones, bile flow and cell structure. Cod liver oil is different from synthetic vitamin D or isolated fish oil. Good cod liver oil provides natural vitamin A, vitamin D and omega 3 fats together. It should still be used with care because fat soluble nutrients can build up when intake is excessive. ## **Seed Oils & Sun Stress** ### Fragile Fats Seed oils are rich in polyunsaturated fats, especially linoleic acid. These fats are more fragile because their chemical structure oxidizes more easily than saturated fat. A review on skin lipid oxidation explains that ultraviolet light and oxidative stress can oxidize skin lipids, and lipid oxidation can damage normal skin function ([9](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25312699/)). Human adipose tissue linoleic acid has risen sharply over the last several decades, and that rise tracks with higher dietary linoleic acid intake ([10](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4642429/)). Adipose tissue is not skin, but it shows that food fat changes body fat composition over time. The fats you eat can become part of your tissues. A human skin study found that the sunburn response includes ultraviolet B driven release of polyunsaturated fatty acids from skin cell membranes ([11](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2791058/)). That gives a direct link between ultraviolet stress, skin cell fats and inflammatory skin response. It supports a cautious view of high seed oil intake when someone is trying to build better sun tolerance. ### Better Fat Choices Use fats that are more stable and traditional. Butter, ghee, tallow and ruminant fat are better choices than soybean oil, corn oil, sunflower oil and canola oil. These animal fats also fit better with a nutrient dense diet that supports retinol and mineral status. Remove seed oils from daily food first. Most exposure comes from fried food, sauces, packaged snacks, restaurant meals and ultra processed foods. These foods also bring refined carbs, additives and poor meal structure. They make sunlight support harder because they raise the stress load from another direction. A better base is simple. Eat meat, eggs, seafood, butter, ghee and tallow. Add liver or cod liver oil when retinol support is needed. Keep carbohydrates low, avoid grains and do not rely on fortified foods for basic nutrition. ## **Steady Sun Habits** ### Build Slowly Start with short outdoor exposure and build slowly. Your skin should warm without turning red or painful. Morning light is best for your body clock. Midday sun is stronger for vitamin D production, but it can also overwhelm skin faster. Use shade and clothing before your skin gets irritated. Hats, linen, shade and timing are normal tools. They let you stay outside without forcing too much direct exposure. The goal is regular sunlight, not harsh exposure. Sweat also changes mineral needs. Outdoor time in heat can raise the need for salt, fluids and minerals. Plain water alone may not replace what heavy sweat removes. Mineral rich food and enough salt help the body handle heat better. ### Simple Daily Plan Get sunlight early in the day. Keep screens dimmer at night. Eat enough healthy animal fat. Use retinol rich foods. Remove seed oils from daily meals. These steps support light rhythm, vitamin D chemistry, skin repair and fat soluble nutrient use. You can keep the plan very simple. Morning light sets the clock. Cholesterol chemistry helps make vitamin D. Retinol helps skin repair. Healthy fats help nutrient use. Stable traditional fats protect the body from a diet loaded with fragile oils. Sunlight is a normal human need. Fear based sun avoidance can create its own problems when it leads to weak light exposure, poor sleep rhythm and low vitamin D production. Respect the sun, build slowly and support your skin with the right food. *For any health concerns or questions about a medical condition, get guidance from a physician or another appropriately trained clinician. Before changing your diet, supplements or health routine, talk with a licensed healthcare professional.* ## **FAQs** ### **Does sunlight help your body make vitamin D?** Yes. Ultraviolet B light changes 7 dehydrocholesterol in your skin into vitamin D3. ### **Is cholesterol needed for vitamin D production?** Yes. Your skin uses a cholesterol derivative as the raw material for vitamin D3 production. ### **Why does retinol matter with sun exposure?** Retinol supports skin structure, immune defense and repair after ultraviolet light exposure. ### **Do healthy fats help vitamin A and vitamin D?** Yes. Vitamin A and vitamin D are fat soluble nutrients, so your body uses fat during absorption. ### **Can seed oils affect skin response to sun?** Seed oils add fragile polyunsaturated fats to the diet. Ultraviolet stress can oxidize skin lipids and trigger inflammatory skin responses. ## **Research** Blume, C., Garbazza, C. and Spitschan, M. 2019. Effects of light on human circadian rhythms, sleep and mood. Somnologie. DOI 10.1007/s11818 019 00215 x. PMID 31447203. Dautovich, N.D., Schreiber, D.R., Imel, J.L., Tighe, C.A., Shoji, K.D., Cyrus, J. and Dzierzewski, J.M. 2019. A systematic review of the amount and timing of light in association with objective and subjective sleep outcomes in community dwelling adults. Sleep Health. DOI 10.1016/j.sleh.2018.09.006. PMID 30311830. Pjrek, E., Friedrich, M.E., Cambioli, L., Dold, M., Jäger, F., Komorowski, A., Lanzenberger, R., Kasper, S. and Winkler, D. 2020. The Efficacy of Light Therapy in the Treatment of Seasonal Affective Disorder. A Meta Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. DOI 10.1159/000502891. PMID 33533342. Bikle, D.D. 2025. Vitamin D Production, Metabolism and Mechanism of Action. Endotext. PMID 25905378. Holick, M.F. 2007. Vitamin D and skin physiology. A D lightful story. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. DOI 10.1359/jbmr.07s211. PMID 18290718. Bonjour, J.P., Trechsel, U., Fleisch, H., Schenk, R. and DeLuca, H.F. 1987. The increase in skin 7 dehydrocholesterol induced by an oral dose of vitamin D3 in vitamin D deficient rats. Journal of Clinical Investigation. PMID 2825113. Wang, Z., Boudjelal, M., Kang, S., Voorhees, J.J. and Fisher, G.J. 1999. Ultraviolet irradiation of human skin causes functional vitamin A deficiency, preventable by all trans retinoic acid pre treatment. Nature Medicine. DOI 10.1038/9137. PMID 10202931. Reddy, P. and Jialal, I. 2022. Biochemistry, Fat Soluble Vitamins. StatPearls. PMID 30422538. Niki, E. 2015. Lipid oxidation in the skin. Free Radical Research. DOI 10.3109/10715762.2014.976213. PMID 25312699. Guyenet, S.J. and Carlson, S.E. 2015. Increase in adipose tissue linoleic acid of US adults in the last half century. Advances in Nutrition. DOI 10.3945/an.115.009944. PMID 26567191. Rhodes, L.E., Gledhill, K., Masoodi, M., Haylett, A.K., Brownrigg, M., Thody, A.J., Tobin, D.J. and Nicolaou, A. 2009. The sunburn response in human skin is characterized by sequential eicosanoid profiles that may mediate its early and late phases. FASEB Journal. DOI 10.1096/fj.08 124446. PMID 19264629. Liu, D., Fernandez, B.O., Hamilton, A., Lang, N.N., Gallagher, J.M.C., Newby, D.E., Feelisch, M. and Weller, R.B. 2014. UVA irradiation of human skin vasodilates arterial vasculature and lowers blood pressure independently of nitric oxide synthase. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. DOI 10.1038/jid.2013.477. PMID 24445737. Lindqvist, P.G., Epstein, E. and Landin Olsson, M. 2014. Avoidance of sun exposure is a risk factor for all cause mortality. Results from the Melanoma in Southern Sweden cohort. Journal of Internal Medicine. DOI 10.1111/joim.12251. PMID 24697969. Lindqvist, P.G., Epstein, E., Nielsen, K., Landin Olsson, M., Ingvar, C. and Olsson, H. 2016. Avoidance of sun exposure as a risk factor for major causes of death. A competing risk analysis of the Melanoma in Southern Sweden cohort. Journal of Internal Medicine. DOI 10.1111/joim.12496. PMID 26992108. Wacker, M. and Holick, M.F. 2013. Sunlight and Vitamin D. A global perspective for health. Dermato Endocrinology. DOI 10.4161/derm.24494. PMID 24494042. Carazo, A., Macáková, K., Matoušová, K., Krčmová, L.K., Protti, M., Mladěnka, P. and Siatka, T. 2021. Vitamin A Update. Forms, Sources, Kinetics, Detection, Function, Deficiency, Therapeutic Use and Toxicity. Nutrients. DOI 10.3390/nu13051703. PMID 34063269. Dawson Hughes, B., Harris, S.S., Lichtenstein, A.H. and Dolnikowski, G. 2015. Dietary fat increases vitamin D3 absorption. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. DOI 10.1016/j.jand.2014.09.014. PMID 25441954. Chungchunlam, S.M.S., Moughan, P.J., Garrick, D.P. and Hodgkinson, S.M. 2024. Comparative bioavailability of vitamins in human foods sourced from animals and plants. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. DOI 10.1080/10408398.2023.2241541. PMID 37522617. # **Meta description* Sunlight supports vitamin D, sleep, mood, cholesterol biology, retinol use & healthy fat needs when you build exposure slowly. # **Tags* Sunlight, Cholesterol, Retinol # **Category* Sunlight & Nature # **Slug* sunlight-healthy-life # **keyphrase* sunlight](https://openintegrative.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/sunlight.webp)
Key Takeaways
- Sunlight helps your body make vitamin D through cholesterol chemistry in the skin.
- Morning light helps set your body clock and supports deeper sleep at night.
- Retinol supports your skin, eyes, immune system and repair after sun exposure.
- Healthy animal fats help your body absorb and use fat soluble nutrients.
- Seed oils can add fragile fats that are more prone to oxidation under stress.
Sunlight & Daily Rhythm
Morning Light
Sunlight gives your brain a strong time signal. Your eyes sense outdoor light, then your brain uses that signal to set sleep, mood, alertness and hormone timing. Normal indoor light is much weaker than outdoor light, even on a cloudy day. Bright daytime light supports a stronger body clock, while bright light at night can disturb sleep timing (1).
Morning light is the best place to start. Go outside soon after waking and let natural light reach your eyes. Do not stare at the sun. Just be outside in real daylight. A short walk gives your brain a clearer day signal than sitting under lamps.
Better morning light can also support better sleep at night. Your body needs a clear day signal before it can build a clear night signal. Weak daytime light and bright screens at night can blur that rhythm. A steady light rhythm helps your body feel awake in the day and sleepy at night (2).
Mood & Energy
Sunlight affects mood because light reaches brain areas tied to alertness and emotion. Many people feel flatter when they spend long days indoors. Darker seasons can also lower mood for some people. Human trials show that bright light can help seasonal depression in some groups (3).
Sunlight also supports energy through sleep. Poor sleep can raise cravings, stress and pain sensitivity. A strong morning light signal helps your body settle into a cleaner daily rhythm. Better sleep then supports repair, focus and emotional control.
You do not need a complicated plan.
- Get outside early.
- Keep evenings darker.
- Reduce bright screens late at night.
Your body reads these signals every day.
Cholesterol & Vitamin D
Cholesterol Pathway
Cholesterol is essential for producing vitamin D, as sunlight converts a cholesterol derivative in the skin into vitamin D3. The key compound is called 7 dehydrocholesterol. When ultraviolet B light reaches the skin, it changes this compound into previtamin D3, which then becomes vitamin D3 (4, 5).
Cholesterol is normal human biology. Your body uses it for cell membranes, bile acids, steroid hormones and vitamin D chemistry. The vitamin D pathway makes no sense without cholesterol chemistry. A healthy body does not treat cholesterol as a poison.
Sunlight gives more than a lab value. Vitamin D made in skin enters a larger system that includes the liver, kidneys, immune cells and many tissues. Blood tests can show part of the picture. They cannot replace the full effect of light on skin, eyes and daily rhythm.
Skin Production
Vitamin D production depends on skin tone, latitude, season, time of day, cloud cover, clothing and skin exposure. Glass blocks much of the ultraviolet B light needed for vitamin D production. Sitting behind a window can feel bright, but it does not give the same skin signal as outdoor sun (4).
Older skin can also make less vitamin D than younger skin. Skin levels of 7 dehydrocholesterol can change with age. That means the same sunlight exposure may create different vitamin D responses in different people (6).
The goal is steady light exposure without burning. Short regular exposure is easier for the skin to handle than rare long exposure. Your skin tone, past burns and local sun strength should guide how slowly you build exposure.
Retinol & Skin Repair
Retinol Stores
Retinol is the active animal form of vitamin A. Your body uses retinol for skin, eyes, immune defense and normal cell function. Human skin research shows that ultraviolet light can lower vitamin A activity in skin, and retinoic acid can prevent some of that functional loss in experimental settings (7).
Retinol is found in traditional animal foods. Liver, egg yolks, butter, cream and cod liver oil give preformed vitamin A. Plant carotenoids must be converted into retinol, and that conversion varies from person to person. Many people do not convert plant carotenoids very well.
Sun exposure raises the need for skin repair. Retinol helps the skin keep normal structure and supports repair signaling. A low fat diet can lower intake of retinol rich foods because retinol comes packaged with animal fat in real food.
Healthy Fat
Vitamin A and vitamin D are fat soluble nutrients. Your body absorbs them with fat and bile during digestion. Very low fat eating can make poor sense when your body needs fat to use these nutrients well (8).
Healthy animal fats support this system. Butter, ghee, tallow, egg yolks, fatty meat, liver and wild seafood bring fat, protein and fat soluble nutrients together. These foods give the body raw materials for skin, hormones, bile flow and cell structure.
Cod liver oil is different from synthetic vitamin D or isolated fish oil. Good cod liver oil provides natural vitamin A, vitamin D and omega 3 fats together. It should still be used with care because fat soluble nutrients can build up when intake is excessive.
Seed Oils & Sun Stress
Fragile Fats
Seed oils are rich in polyunsaturated fats, especially linoleic acid. These fats are more fragile because their chemical structure oxidizes more easily than saturated fat. A review on skin lipid oxidation explains that ultraviolet light and oxidative stress can oxidize skin lipids, and lipid oxidation can damage normal skin function (9).
Human adipose tissue linoleic acid has risen sharply over the last several decades, and that rise tracks with higher dietary linoleic acid intake (10). Adipose tissue is not skin, but it shows that food fat changes body fat composition over time. The fats you eat can become part of your tissues.
A human skin study found that the sunburn response includes ultraviolet B driven release of polyunsaturated fatty acids from skin cell membranes (11). That gives a direct link between ultraviolet stress, skin cell fats and inflammatory skin response. It supports a cautious view of high seed oil intake when someone is trying to build better sun tolerance.
Better Fat Choices
Use fats that are more stable and traditional. Butter, ghee, tallow and ruminant fat are better choices than soybean oil, corn oil, sunflower oil and canola oil. These animal fats also fit better with a nutrient dense diet that supports retinol and mineral status.
Remove seed oils from daily food first. Most exposure comes from fried food, sauces, packaged snacks, restaurant meals and ultra processed foods. These foods also bring refined carbs, additives and poor meal structure. They make sunlight support harder because they raise the stress load from another direction.
A better base is simple. Eat meat, eggs, seafood, butter, ghee and tallow. Add liver or cod liver oil when retinol support is needed. Keep carbohydrates low, avoid grains and do not rely on fortified foods for basic nutrition.
Steady Sun Habits
Build Slowly
Start with short outdoor exposure and build slowly. Your skin should warm without turning red or painful. Morning light is best for your body clock. Midday sun is stronger for vitamin D production, but it can also overwhelm skin faster.
Use shade and clothing before your skin gets irritated. Hats, linen, shade and timing are normal tools. They let you stay outside without forcing too much direct exposure. The goal is regular sunlight, not harsh exposure.
Sweat also changes mineral needs. Outdoor time in heat can raise the need for salt, fluids and minerals. Plain water alone may not replace what heavy sweat removes. Mineral rich food and enough salt help the body handle heat better.
Simple Daily Plan
Get sunlight early in the day. Keep screens dimmer at night. Eat enough healthy animal fat. Use retinol rich foods. Remove seed oils from daily meals. These steps support light rhythm, vitamin D chemistry, skin repair and fat soluble nutrient use.
You can keep the plan very simple. Morning light sets the clock. Cholesterol chemistry helps make vitamin D. Retinol helps skin repair. Healthy fats help nutrient use. Stable traditional fats protect the body from a diet loaded with fragile oils.
Sunlight is a normal human need. Fear based sun avoidance can create its own problems when it leads to weak light exposure, poor sleep rhythm and low vitamin D production. Respect the sun, build slowly and support your skin with the right food.
For any health concerns or questions about a medical condition, get guidance from a physician or another appropriately trained clinician. Before changing your diet, supplements or health routine, talk with a licensed healthcare professional.
FAQs
Does sunlight help your body make vitamin D?
Yes. Ultraviolet B light changes 7 dehydrocholesterol in your skin into vitamin D3.
Is cholesterol needed for vitamin D production?
Yes. Your skin uses a cholesterol derivative as the raw material for vitamin D3 production.
Why does retinol matter with sun exposure?
Retinol supports skin structure, immune defense and repair after ultraviolet light exposure.
Do healthy fats help vitamin A and vitamin D?
Yes. Vitamin A and vitamin D are fat soluble nutrients, so your body uses fat during absorption.
Can seed oils affect skin response to sun?
Seed oils add fragile polyunsaturated fats to the diet. Ultraviolet stress can oxidize skin lipids and trigger inflammatory skin responses.
Research
Blume, C., Garbazza, C. and Spitschan, M. 2019. Effects of light on human circadian rhythms, sleep and mood. Somnologie. DOI 10.1007/s11818 019 00215 x. PMID 31447203.
Dautovich, N.D., Schreiber, D.R., Imel, J.L., Tighe, C.A., Shoji, K.D., Cyrus, J. and Dzierzewski, J.M. 2019. A systematic review of the amount and timing of light in association with objective and subjective sleep outcomes in community dwelling adults. Sleep Health. DOI 10.1016/j.sleh.2018.09.006. PMID 30311830.
Pjrek, E., Friedrich, M.E., Cambioli, L., Dold, M., Jäger, F., Komorowski, A., Lanzenberger, R., Kasper, S. and Winkler, D. 2020. The Efficacy of Light Therapy in the Treatment of Seasonal Affective Disorder. A Meta Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. DOI 10.1159/000502891. PMID 33533342.
Bikle, D.D. 2025. Vitamin D Production, Metabolism and Mechanism of Action. Endotext. PMID 25905378.
Holick, M.F. 2007. Vitamin D and skin physiology. A D lightful story. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. DOI 10.1359/jbmr.07s211. PMID 18290718.
Bonjour, J.P., Trechsel, U., Fleisch, H., Schenk, R. and DeLuca, H.F. 1987. The increase in skin 7 dehydrocholesterol induced by an oral dose of vitamin D3 in vitamin D deficient rats. Journal of Clinical Investigation. PMID 2825113.
Wang, Z., Boudjelal, M., Kang, S., Voorhees, J.J. and Fisher, G.J. 1999. Ultraviolet irradiation of human skin causes functional vitamin A deficiency, preventable by all trans retinoic acid pre treatment. Nature Medicine. DOI 10.1038/9137. PMID 10202931.
Reddy, P. and Jialal, I. 2022. Biochemistry, Fat Soluble Vitamins. StatPearls. PMID 30422538.
Niki, E. 2015. Lipid oxidation in the skin. Free Radical Research. DOI 10.3109/10715762.2014.976213. PMID 25312699.
Guyenet, S.J. and Carlson, S.E. 2015. Increase in adipose tissue linoleic acid of US adults in the last half century. Advances in Nutrition. DOI 10.3945/an.115.009944. PMID 26567191.
Rhodes, L.E., Gledhill, K., Masoodi, M., Haylett, A.K., Brownrigg, M., Thody, A.J., Tobin, D.J. and Nicolaou, A. 2009. The sunburn response in human skin is characterized by sequential eicosanoid profiles that may mediate its early and late phases. FASEB Journal. DOI 10.1096/fj.08 124446. PMID 19264629.
Liu, D., Fernandez, B.O., Hamilton, A., Lang, N.N., Gallagher, J.M.C., Newby, D.E., Feelisch, M. and Weller, R.B. 2014. UVA irradiation of human skin vasodilates arterial vasculature and lowers blood pressure independently of nitric oxide synthase. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. DOI 10.1038/jid.2013.477. PMID 24445737.
Lindqvist, P.G., Epstein, E. and Landin Olsson, M. 2014. Avoidance of sun exposure is a risk factor for all cause mortality. Results from the Melanoma in Southern Sweden cohort. Journal of Internal Medicine. DOI 10.1111/joim.12251. PMID 24697969.
Lindqvist, P.G., Epstein, E., Nielsen, K., Landin Olsson, M., Ingvar, C. and Olsson, H. 2016. Avoidance of sun exposure as a risk factor for major causes of death. A competing risk analysis of the Melanoma in Southern Sweden cohort. Journal of Internal Medicine. DOI 10.1111/joim.12496. PMID 26992108.
Wacker, M. and Holick, M.F. 2013. Sunlight and Vitamin D. A global perspective for health. Dermato Endocrinology. DOI 10.4161/derm.24494. PMID 24494042.
Carazo, A., Macáková, K., Matoušová, K., Krčmová, L.K., Protti, M., Mladěnka, P. and Siatka, T. 2021. Vitamin A Update. Forms, Sources, Kinetics, Detection, Function, Deficiency, Therapeutic Use and Toxicity. Nutrients. DOI 10.3390/nu13051703. PMID 34063269.
Dawson Hughes, B., Harris, S.S., Lichtenstein, A.H. and Dolnikowski, G. 2015. Dietary fat increases vitamin D3 absorption. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. DOI 10.1016/j.jand.2014.09.014. PMID 25441954.
Chungchunlam, S.M.S., Moughan, P.J., Garrick, D.P. and Hodgkinson, S.M. 2024. Comparative bioavailability of vitamins in human foods sourced from animals and plants. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. DOI 10.1080/10408398.2023.2241541. PMID 37522617.
